{"id":67149,"date":"2023-02-15T08:49:46","date_gmt":"2023-02-15T07:49:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ubfc.fr\/?p=67149"},"modified":"2023-02-16T16:15:43","modified_gmt":"2023-02-16T15:15:43","slug":"quand-sonne-lheure-de-la-retraite-democratique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ubfc.fr\/en\/quand-sonne-lheure-de-la-retraite-democratique\/","title":{"rendered":"Quand sonne l\u2019heure de la retraite d\u00e9mocratique ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"67149\" class=\"elementor elementor-67149\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae939a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae939a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c4ea09\" data-id=\"2c4ea09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c30722 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c30722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure><figure style=\"width: 449px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508099\/original\/file-20230203-20-3wymnc.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=0%2C12%2C2040%2C1339&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"449\" height=\"294\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manifestation pour la d\u00e9fense des retraites, le 31 janvier 2023 \u00e0 Paris.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jmenj\/52661516924\/in\/album-72177720305356181\/\">Jeanne Menjoulet\/Flickr<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96bea5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96bea5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8012fff\" data-id=\"8012fff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2799e94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2799e94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/claude-patriat-209887\">Claude Patriat<\/a>, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/universite-de-bourgogne-ubfc-2288\">Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne \u2013 UBFC<\/a><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-002e252 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"002e252\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3b6af8\" data-id=\"c3b6af8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9e252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f9e252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Retraite, retraite, le mot est partout, il vole de tweet en tweet, de manifestation en \u00e9mission, de motion en \u00e9motion. Jamais son usage n\u2019a autant jou\u00e9 de son ambivalence\u00a0: retraiter, en effet signifie soit mettre \u00e0 la retraite, soit traiter de nouveau.<\/p><p>L\u2019affrontement semble se r\u00e9sumer \u00e0 d\u2019une part un pr\u00e9sident qui, soucieux en m\u00eame temps d\u2019affirmer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.publicsenat.fr\/article\/politique\/emmanuel-macron-est-il-vraiment-un-reformateur-190052\">sa capacit\u00e9 r\u00e9formatrice<\/a> et de prouver la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 de la France \u00e0 r\u00e9duire son <a href=\"https:\/\/www.capital.fr\/economie-politique\/la-france-championne-du-monde-de-la-dette-publique-1455700\">endettement<\/a>, d\u00e9fie opinion publique, partis et syndicats\u00a0; d\u2019autre part, une opposition disparate dans sa coalition, sans convergence possible entre RN, LR et Nupes mais hostile par principe \u00e0 Emmanuel Macron.<\/p><p>En fait, par le moment o\u00f9 il se joue, par le cadre politique o\u00f9 il se d\u00e9roule, par le syst\u00e8me communicationnel qui le met en branle, l\u2019affrontement social d\u00e9borde largement cette seule question de r\u00e9forme du temps de vie au travail\u00a0: il met en face \u00e0 face l\u2019\u00c9tat et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et interroge le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-d-ethique-et-de-theologie-morale-2017-4-page-9.htm\">rapport des citoyens au pouvoir politique<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03e1850 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"03e1850\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aaa27fb\" data-id=\"aaa27fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f47d8fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f47d8fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15a4bea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15a4bea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea32adc\" data-id=\"ea32adc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-255901d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"255901d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>La fin de l\u2019insouciance<\/h2><p>La mati\u00e8re m\u00eame de la retraite d\u00e9tient un potentiel aussi diversifi\u00e9 qu\u2019explosif\u00a0: plac\u00e9 \u00e0 la charni\u00e8re de la vie priv\u00e9e, dont elle couvre une part <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/seniors-comment-travailler-plus-longtemps-quand-personne-ne-vous-recrute-plus-198464\">du projet individuel de vie<\/a>, et de la vie publique, dont elle exprime le <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/retraites-lallongement-de-la-duree-du-travail-la-moins-mauvaise-des-solutions-198519\">sens solidaire<\/a>, elle mobilise la question de l\u2019\u00eatre ensemble et de l\u2019acceptation des contraintes collectives, en m\u00eame temps qu\u2019elle interroge <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/penibilite-usure-professionnelle-burn-out-quelles-avancees-dans-le-projet-de-reforme-des-retraites-197972\">sur le sens du travail<\/a>. Qu\u2019on ne s\u2019\u00e9tonne pas, d\u00e8s lors, de la dimension tot\u00e9mique que prend le d\u00e9bat.<\/p><p>L\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 dernier, en pr\u00e9ambule de son Conseil des ministres apr\u00e8s sa r\u00e9\u00e9lection, Emmanuel Macron avait entendu placer la barre \u00e0 un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9\u00a0: il avait proclam\u00e9 la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiofrance.fr\/franceculture\/podcasts\/l-invite-e-des-matins\/fin-de-l-insouciance-le-changement-de-ton-d-emmanuel-macron-est-il-un-changement-de-cap-5413424\">fin de l\u2019insouciance et de l\u2019abondance<\/a>, tout en annon\u00e7ant l\u2019appel \u00e0 un effort collectif.<\/p><figure><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fOAc2RmeAHU?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Emmanuel Macron, en pr\u00e9ambule de son Conseil des ministres le 24\u00a0ao\u00fbt 2022.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Or, c\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l\u00e0 que la volont\u00e9 pr\u00e9sidentielle entre en percussion avec le climat social dominant\u00a0: s\u2019appuyant sur un constat des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s, et un rappel des efforts d\u00e9j\u00e0 fournis, il y a un sentiment largement partag\u00e9 de refus d\u2019une demande estim\u00e9e injuste\u00a0: ce serait aux riches, et \u00e0 eux seuls, qu\u2019il faut demander de fournir un effort.<\/p><p>Cet \u00e9galitarisme de principe re\u00e7oit le renfort de toute l\u2019opposition de gauche\u00a0: la Nupes conteste le droit du pr\u00e9sident \u00e0 demander un effort co\u00fbteux, au motif qu\u2019il n\u2019aurait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu pour cela. On fait circuler l\u2019argument de la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexpress.fr\/politique\/retraites-entre-macron-et-la-rue-lintrouvable-juge-de-paix-de-la-democratie-francaise-XGRCR66BJREMVGVX5ZXT2HXAVE\/\">non-l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0: si Emmanuel Macron rassemble effectivement 58,55\u00a0% au second tour, c\u2019est en raison d\u2019un vote de refus de Marine Le\u00a0Pen m\u00e9langeant partisans et adversaires du pr\u00e9sident, et non par adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 son programme. Son v\u00e9ritable score serait ainsi compos\u00e9 des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.la-croix.com\/France\/Presidentielle-2022-2784-Macron-2315-Le-Pen-resultats-definitifs-1er-tour-2022-04-11-1201209797\">27,8\u00a0%<\/a> obtenus au premier tour. Il ne disposerait donc pas de la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaire pour imposer des d\u00e9cisions rejet\u00e9es par une large part de ses \u00e9lecteurs. Et voici l\u2019\u00e9lection-reine transform\u00e9e en pl\u00e9biscite n\u00e9gatif\u2026<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b06bd1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b06bd1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7324b5\" data-id=\"c7324b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68eace3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"68eace3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc0744b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc0744b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c34da03\" data-id=\"c34da03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14b655b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14b655b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Trompe-l\u2019\u0153il \u00e9lectoral<\/h2><p>Cette mani\u00e8re de sophisme se red\u00e9ploie en plus caricaturale au niveau du Parlement\u00a0: l\u00e0, le scrutin est pourtant sans aucune ambigu\u00eft\u00e9, car il ne s\u2019agit plus d\u2019un vote de refus, chacun pouvant d\u00e9fendre ses couleurs propres. De plus, les \u00e9lections l\u00e9gislatives se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9es deux mois apr\u00e8s la pr\u00e9sidentielle, laissant un espace de d\u00e9dit \u00e9ventuel.<\/p><p>Or, la majorit\u00e9 des \u00e9lecteurs a plut\u00f4t choisi de confirmer son choix d\u2019avril en se portant sur Renaissance et les mouvements qui soutenaient le pr\u00e9sident. Certes, le soutien est nuanc\u00e9, la majorit\u00e9 n\u2019\u00e9tant que relative et, dans le cadre d\u2019un scrutin marqu\u00e9 par une tr\u00e8s forte abstention, le vote exprime un ersatz de proportionnelle. Voil\u00e0 qui r\u00e9sonne comme une invitation \u00e0 l\u2019ouverture. Encore faudrait-il que les minorit\u00e9s acceptent le jeu du compromis. Ce qui, \u00e0 l\u2019exception des R\u00e9publicains qui jouent une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/politique\/incoherences-et-jusquau-boutisme-lr-entre-introspection-et-implosion-sur-les-retraites-20230207_LFPXQQXKINFN3FWQZ7KKO3NITQ\/\">participation strat\u00e9gique d\u00e9licate<\/a>, n\u2019est pas \u00e0 l\u2019ordre du jour. Pour l\u2019heure, sauf \u00e0 envisager une improbable symbiose Nupes, RN, LR, il n\u2019existe pas de majorit\u00e9 alternative \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sidentielle.<\/p><p>Pareille insistance \u00e0 opposer majorit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale et majorit\u00e9 l\u00e9gitime entretient un proc\u00e8s en ill\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 contre Emmanuel Macron et affaiblit d\u2019autant son autorit\u00e9. D\u00e9cid\u00e9ment, son second bapt\u00eame \u00e9lys\u00e9en n\u2019aura pas permis d\u2019effacer son p\u00e9ch\u00e9 originel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5081da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5081da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fcae189\" data-id=\"fcae189\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e95276 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8e95276\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8059db9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8059db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9e1e48\" data-id=\"c9e1e48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f8eed2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f8eed2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Refuge dans leurs bastions locaux<\/h2><p>Les vieux partis de gouvernement qu\u2019il a balay\u00e9s de la comp\u00e9tition pr\u00e9sidentielle trouvent refuge dans leurs bastions locaux, cr\u00e9ant ainsi l\u2019image d\u2019une <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/la-france-desenchantee-185048\">France \u00e0 deux vitesses<\/a>.<\/p><p>La cr\u00e9ation de la Nupes, emmen\u00e9e par la France insoumise en <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/la-france-insoumise-peut-elle-se-donner-les-moyens-de-ses-ambitions-189731\">position de force<\/a>, est venue rigidifier encore plus le syst\u00e8me, qui \u00e9volue d\u00e9sormais en trois blocs\u00a0: l\u2019un \u00e0 cheval entre l\u2019extr\u00eame droite et la droite, l\u2019autre entre l\u2019extr\u00eame-gauche et la gauche, encadrant toutes deux un bloc central \u00e0 qui on refuse toute ouverture. Voil\u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sidentielle encercl\u00e9e et contrainte de se retourner <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/les-republicains-face-a-leur-declin-195692\">vers la droite<\/a>, nourrissant l\u2019image d\u2019un pr\u00e9sident \u00ab\u00a0des riches et des favoris\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p><figure class=\"align-center \"><figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jmenj\/52661676765\/in\/album-72177720305356181\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/508100\/original\/file-20230203-4002-4yi7wj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\" alt=\"Manifestation pour la d\u00e9fense des retraites le 31\u00a0janvier 2023 \u00e0 Paris. La phrase sur la pancarte fait \u00e9cho \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0petite phrase\u00a0\u00bb d\u2019Emmanuel Macron prononc\u00e9e en 2018 et jug\u00e9e m\u00e9prisante pour les demandeurs d\u2019emplois\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Manifestation pour la d\u00e9fense des retraites le 31 janvier 2023 \u00e0 Paris. La phrase sur la pancarte fait \u00e9cho \u00e0 la \u00ab petite phrase \u00bb d\u2019Emmanuel Macron prononc\u00e9e en 2018 et jug\u00e9e m\u00e9prisante pour les demandeurs d\u2019emplois. Jeanne Menjoulet\/Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/figure><p>Ce qui rend crucial ce jeu de r\u00f4les, c\u2019est qu\u2019il s\u2019op\u00e8re au sein d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9senchant\u00e9e, o\u00f9 domine un sentiment de perte de confiance des citoyens dans les repr\u00e9sentants \u00e9lus, et particuli\u00e8rement dans l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif. Le mythe du pr\u00e9sident d\u00e9miurge a fait long feu et l\u2019autorit\u00e9 de celui-ci se noie dans un brouillard de refus et de m\u00e9fiance.<\/p><p>Ses appels \u00e0 la solidarit\u00e9 et \u00e0 l\u2019effort se perdent dans les sables de la protestation. L\u2019augmentation spectaculaire des nouveaux m\u00e9dias et leur acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration ajoutent \u00e0 la confusion\u00a0: elles brouillent la communication et accentuent le sentiment de coupure avec les \u00e9lus. Cette <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr\/nouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil-constitutionnel\/les-reseaux-sociaux-nouveaux-espaces-de-contestation-et-de-reconstruction-de-la-politique\">horizontalisation des \u00e9changes<\/a> contribue certes \u00e0 saper la verticalit\u00e9 du pouvoir central, mais parfois au prix de la clart\u00e9 et de la sinc\u00e9rit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat comme l\u2019a montr\u00e9 par exemple la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2022\/03\/11\/du-militantisme-antivax-a-la-tentation-du-soutien-a-vladimir-poutine_6117066_4355770.html\">tentation complotiste<\/a> lors de la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a1bcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a1bcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06e6d75\" data-id=\"06e6d75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-069ea14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"069ea14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b8ad2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b8ad2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29823dd\" data-id=\"29823dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f13a50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f13a50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>En\u00a0marche forc\u00e9e<\/h2><p>L\u00e0 encore, la question des retraites fournit un excellent champ d\u2019observation\u00a0: il s\u2019agit en effet d\u2019une mati\u00e8re engageant l\u2019avenir o\u00f9 toute d\u00e9cision suppose une expertise et une prospective. Les termes du choix doivent \u00eatre clairement et pr\u00e9alablement \u00e9tablis, et soustraits aux r\u00e9actions \u00e9motives imm\u00e9diates. La d\u00e9mocratie repr\u00e9sentative, parce qu\u2019elle distingue le temps du d\u00e9bat et celui de la d\u00e9cision, offre le cadre adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 une d\u00e9marche apais\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Le d\u00e9bat actuel ne saurait donc \u00eatre circonscrit \u00e0 la seule question des retraites. C\u2019est toute la m\u00e9canique subtile des d\u00e9mocraties lib\u00e9rales qui est \u00e9prouv\u00e9e dans cet affrontement mena\u00e7ant le syst\u00e8me repr\u00e9sentatif et son corollaire de d\u00e9l\u00e9gation d\u2019autorit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Le gouvernement n\u2019a plus le choix\u00a0: engag\u00e9 dans les Thermopiles d\u2019un d\u00e9bat soci\u00e9tal biais\u00e9, il ne peut plus gu\u00e8re qu\u2019avancer. Qu\u2019il parvienne, aux forceps de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006527525\/2005-03-02\">l\u2019article 47-1<\/a>, \u00e0 faire passer sa r\u00e9forme au Parlement risque de ne lui assurer qu\u2019une victoire \u00e0 la Pyrrhus. Quelle que soit l\u2019issue, il ne fera pas l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019une profonde r\u00e9forme d\u2019institutions essoufl\u00e9es et d\u00e9cal\u00e9es des attentes soci\u00e9tales. C\u2019est Prosper de Barante qui, dans sa <em>Pr\u00e9face \u00e0 l\u2019histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne<\/em>, \u00e9crivait en 1826\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Nous vivons un temps de doute, les opinions absolues ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9branl\u00e9es\u00a0; elles s\u2019agitent encore par souvenir\u00a0; mais au fond personne ne les croit plus assez pour leur faire des sacrifices.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1cf000e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1cf000e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c0a6e\" data-id=\"48c0a6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b935107 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b935107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67c2b71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67c2b71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-19ff0f1\" data-id=\"19ff0f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0798a00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0798a00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/claude-patriat-209887\">Claude Patriat<\/a>, Professeur \u00e9m\u00e9rite de Science politique Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/universite-de-bourgogne-ubfc-2288\">Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne \u2013 UBFC<\/a><\/em><\/p><p>Cet article est republi\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> sous licence Creative Commons. Lire l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/quand-sonne-lheure-de-la-retraite-democratique-199226\">article original<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jeanne Menjoulet\/Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND Claude Patriat, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne \u2013 UBFC Retraite, retraite, le mot est partout, il vole de tweet en tweet, de manifestation en \u00e9mission, de motion en \u00e9motion. Jamais son usage n\u2019a autant jou\u00e9 de son ambivalence\u00a0: retraiter, en effet signifie soit mettre \u00e0 la retraite, soit traiter de nouveau. L\u2019affrontement semble &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ubfc.fr\/en\/quand-sonne-lheure-de-la-retraite-democratique\/\">Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":60,"featured_media":58480,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2062,2049,14],"class_list":["post-67149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture-scientifique-et-technique","category-recherche","category-ubfc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Quand sonne l\u2019heure de la retraite d\u00e9mocratique ? - COMUE Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ubfc.fr\/quand-sonne-lheure-de-la-retraite-democratique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quand sonne l\u2019heure de la retraite d\u00e9mocratique ? - COMUE Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jeanne Menjoulet\/Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND Claude Patriat, Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne \u2013 UBFC Retraite, retraite, le mot est partout, il vole de tweet en tweet, de manifestation en \u00e9mission, de motion en \u00e9motion. Jamais son usage n\u2019a autant jou\u00e9 de son ambivalence\u00a0: retraiter, en effet signifie soit mettre \u00e0 la retraite, soit traiter de nouveau. 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